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 Benedict XVI, Joseph Ratzinger, who died on 31 December 2022, was one of the most influential figures in the Catholic Church during the late-twentieth century and the first years of the twenty-first. He developed a reputation for steely determination and rigorous pursuit of the truth, even to the extent of constraining theological exploration and pursuing those individuals he saw as trespassing outside legitimate doctrinal boundaries during his years as head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.